<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD with OASIS Tables with MathML3 v1.4 20241031//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.4/JATS-archive-oasis-article1-4-mathml3.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" dtd-version="1.4" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Оренбургского государственного педагогического университета. Электронный научный журнал</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">2303-9922</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32516/2303-9922.2023.45.5</article-id><article-categories><subj-group><subject>Other</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="ru">Динамика кадрового состава имперской мировой юстиции в Прибалтийском крае, 1889—1913 гг.: русификация vs коренизация, элитарность vs демократизация</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Changes in the Staff of the Imperial Justice of the Peace in the Baltic Region, 1889—1913: Russification vs Indigenization, Elitism vs Democratization</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Верняев</surname><given-names>Игорь Иванович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Verniaev</surname><given-names>Igor I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><email>i.verniaev@spbu.ru</email><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1540-381X</contrib-id></contrib><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg University</institution><city xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg</city><country xml:lang="en">Russia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution><city xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербург</city><country xml:lang="ru">Россия</country></aff></aff-alternatives></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2023-03-25"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><issue>1(45)</issue><fpage>61</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-09-10"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-02-20"><day>20</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:title="CC BY 4.0"><ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref><license-p xml:lang="ru">CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestospu.ru/archive/2023/articles/5_1_2023.html" xlink:title="https://www.vestospu.ru/archive/2023/articles/5_1_2023.html">https://www.vestospu.ru/archive/2023/articles/5_1_2023.html</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="publication-4a9abd9d-3b3b-49f4-bb7c-819dff715287.pdf" xlink:title="PDF"/><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье исследуется динамика кадрового состава имперской мировой юстиции в Прибалтийском крае, его этноконфессиональных, сословных, профессионально-образовательных характеристик. Изучается уровень представительства национальных групп в мировой юстиции и более широком судебно-правовом сообществе (канцелярия судов, нотариат, адвокатура и пр.). Исследуются профессиональные биографии судей. Ставится вопрос об их мировоззрении и идентичности — о том, в какой степени для них были важны ценности и интересы этнического сообщества, профессиональной корпорации, имперской власти в крае или др. Сделан вывод о том, что кадровая русификация сочеталась с немецким сословно-элитным влиянием и постепенной латышской и эстонской коренизацией институтов имперской юстиции — начиная с нижних, средних и периферийных служебных позиций. Пореформенные институты, с одной стороны, унаследовали региональное этносословное разделение, с другой — открыли пути для его преодоления. Формирование профессиональной государственной бюрократии и развитие образования создавали для представителей прежде неэлитных групп более широкие возможности для служебного продвижения. Исследование опирается на разнообразные источники: ведомственные списки, персональные дела, данные министерских ревизий, мемуарную литературу, материалы периодики.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="en" abstract-type="summary"><p>The article examines the dynamics of the personnel of the Imperial Justice of the Peace in the Baltic region of the Russian Empire, its ethno-confessional, educational characteristics. The level of representation of national groups in Justice of the Peace and the wider judicial and legal community (court offices, notaries, advocacy, etc.) is being studied. Professional biographies of judges are being researched. The question is raised about their worldview and identity, about the extent to which the values and interests of the ethnic community, professional corporation, imperial power in the region, etc. were important to them. It is concluded that personnel Russification was combined with German elite-estate influence and gradual Latvian and Estonian indigenization of the institutions of imperial justice — starting from the lower, middle and peripheral official positions. The post-reform institutions, on the one hand, inherited the regional ethno-estate division, on the other hand, opened the way for overcoming it. The formation of a professional state bureaucracy and the development of education created wider opportunities for representatives of previously non-elite groups for career advancement. The study relies on a variety of sources: departmental lists, personal files, data from ministerial audits, memoirs, and periodicals.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Российская империя</kwd><kwd>Прибалтийский край</kwd><kwd>судебная реформа</kwd><kwd>мировая юстиция</kwd><kwd>кадровый состав</kwd><kwd>русификация</kwd><kwd>коренизация</kwd><kwd>этноконфессиональное разнообразие</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Russian Empire</kwd><kwd>Baltic region</kwd><kwd>judicial reform</kwd><kwd>Justice of the Peace</kwd><kwd>personnel</kwd><kwd>Russification</kwd><kwd>indigenization</kwd><kwd>ethno-confessional diversity</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 20-09-00353.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research within the framework of scientific project No. 20-09-00353.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><ref id="ref1"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">1. Адрес-календарь Курляндской губернии. Митава : Курляндский губернский статистический комитет, 1913. XVI, 189 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">2. Адрес-календарь Эстляндской губернии на 1914 год. Ревель : Эстляндский губернский статистический комитет, 1913. XXXII, 212, 108, 104 c.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">3. Андреева Н. С. Прибалтийские немцы и российская правительственная политика в начале XX в. СПб. : Міръ, 2008. 309 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">4. Башмаков А. Балтийские преобразования и мировой институт // Журнал гражданского и уголовного права. 1892. № 6. С. 14—46.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">5. Булацель П. Упразднение русского языка в прибалтийских судах (по поводу реформы проекта судоговорения, поданного 16-ю присяжными поверенными в Ревельско-Гапсальский мировой съезд) // Юридическая газета. 1900. № 57. С. 2—3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref6"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">6. Верняев И. И. Историческая динамика судебно-правовой интеграции Российской империи. СПб. : С.-Петербургский гос. ун-т, 2021. 396 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref7"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">7. Вильгельм фон Бульмеринг. Воспоминания. Перевод с немецкого В. Дорошенко // Даугава : литературно-художественный и публицистический журнал. 1995. № 4. С. 132—160.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref8"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">8. Государственная Дума. Третий созыв. Стенографические отчеты. 1909 г. Сессия третья. Ч. 1. СПб. : Государственная типография, 1910. XVI с., 3796 стб.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref9"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">9. Десятилетие Ревельского окружного суда, 1889—1899 // Ревельские известия: газета местных интересов, литературная и политическая. 1889. 14 дек. С. 1—2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref10"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">10. Забытые Государственной Думою судебные деятели. Начало // Рижский вестник. 1910. 5 янв.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref11"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">11. Забытые Государственной Думою судебные деятели. Продолжение // Рижский вестник. 1910. 7 янв.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref12"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">12. Зайончковский П. А. Судебные и административные преобразования в Прибалтике // Проблемы общественной мысли и экономическая политика России XIX—ХХ веков : сб. статей / отв. ред. Н. Г. Сладкевич. Л. : Изд-во Ленингр. ун-та, 1972. С. 34—47.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref13"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">13. И. В. Ф. Торжество русского дела в Прибалтийской окраине (объясняемое успехами судебной реформы в крае) // Судебная газета. 1895. 29 окт. С. 2—6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref14"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">14. К вопросу о недостатке русских служащих в Прибалтийском крае // Юрьевский листок. 1912. 20 окт.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref15"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">15. М. Р. Прибалтийские адвокаты и переводчики. Юрьев // Новое время. 1895. 25 июня (№ 6927).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref16"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">16. Мировой судья Н. Г. Шефер // Рижский вестник. 1892. 9 янв.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref17"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">17. Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи 1897 года. Кн. 21. Лифляндская губерния. СПб. : ЦСК МВД, 1905. XVI, 229 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref18"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">18. Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи 1897 года. Кн. 19. Курляндская губерния. СПб. : ЦСК МВД, 1905. XVIII, 233 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref19"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">19. Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи 1897 года. Кн. 49. Эстляндская губерния. СПб. : ЦСК МВД, 1905. XVIII, 125 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref20"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">20. Положения о преобразовании судебной части и крестьянских присутственных мест в прибалтийских губерниях и правила о приведении означенных положений в действие / сост. А. Гасман, А. Нолькен. СПб. : Министерство юстиции, 1889. 728 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref21"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">21. Российский государственный исторический архив (РГИА). Ф. 1405. Оп. 515. Д. 205.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref22"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">22. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 515. Д. 247.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref23"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">23. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 524. Д. 328.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref24"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">24. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 526. Д. 1658.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref25"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">25. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 539. Д. 236.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref26"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">26. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 539. Д. 237.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref27"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">27. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 544. Д. 533.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref28"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">28. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 544. Д. 1095.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref29"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">29. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 544. Д. 2148.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref30"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">30. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 544. Д. 2783б.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref31"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">31. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 544. Д. 6230.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref32"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">32. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 544. Д. 7649.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref33"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">33. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 544. Д. 8904.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref34"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">34. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 545. Д. 11184.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref35"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">35. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 545. Д. 11238.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref36"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">36. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 545. Д. 13144.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref37"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">37. РГИА. Ф. 1406. Оп. 545. Д. 15189.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref38"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">38. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 545. Д. 15240.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref39"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">39. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 545. Д. 15395.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref40"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">40. РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 545. Д. 17152.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref41"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">41. Списки кандидатов на должности мировых судей и председателей их съездов // Эстляндские губернские ведомости. 1889. 21 сент. (№ 36). С. 166—167.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref42"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">42. Список чинам Министерства юстиции 1890 года. Часть 3. СПб. : Тип. Правительствующего Сената, 1890.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref43"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">43. Список чинам Министерства юстиции 1900 года. СПб. : Сенатская тип., 1900.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref44"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">44. Список чинам Министерства юстиции 1913 года. СПб. : Сенатская тип., 1913.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref45"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">45. Brüggemann K. Representing Empire, Performing Nation?: Russian Officials in the Baltic Provinces (Late Nineteenth / Early Twentieth Centuries) // Ab imperio. 2014. N 3. P. 231—266.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref46"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">46. Hagen M. Russification Via “Democratization”? Civil Service in the Baltic after 1905 // Journal of Baltic Studies. 1978. Vol. 9, N 1. P. 56—66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref47"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">47. Haltzel M. H. The Baltic Germans // Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland: 1855—1914 / ed. by E. C. Thaden. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1981. P. 109—204.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref48"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">48. Konstantīns Jūliuss Vilhelms Vilmans // Time&amp;Note. Международная энциклопедия. URL: https://timenote.info/ru/person/view?id=11639910 (дата обращения: 03.09.2022).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref49"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">49. Mironov B. N. The Policy of Russifying in Late Imperial Russia and its Failure // Russian History. 2019. N 46. P. 84—101. DOI: 10.1163/18763316-04601004.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref50"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">50. Plakans A. The Latvians // Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland: 1855—1914 / ed. by E. C. Thaden. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1981. P. 205—284.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref51"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">51. Raun T. U. The Estonians // Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland: 1855—1914 / ed. by E. C. Thaden. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1981. P. 285—354.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref52"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">52. Woodworth В. Multi-ethnicity and Estonian Tsarist State Officials in Estland Province, 1881—1914 //Russian Bureaucracy and the State. Officialdom from Alexander III to Putin / ed. by D. K. Rowney and E. Huskey. Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. P. 72—88.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref53"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">1. Adres-kalendar’ Kurlyandskoi gubernii [Address-calendar of Courland province]. Mitava, Kurlyandskii gubernskii statisticheskii komitet Publ., 1913. XVI, 189 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref54"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">2. Adres-kalendar’ Estlyandskoi gubernii na 1914 god [Address-calendar of the Estland province for 1914]. Revel, Estlyandskii gubernskii statisticheskii komitet Publ., 1913. XXXII, 212, 108, 104 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref55"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">3. Andreeva N. S. Pribaltiiskie nemtsy i rossiiskaya pravitel’stvennaya politika v nachale XX v. [Baltic Germans and Russian government policy at the beginning of the 20th century]. St. Petersburg, Mіr’’ Publ., 2008. 309 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref56"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">4. Bashmakov A. Baltiiskie preobrazovaniya i mirovoi institut [Baltic transformations and the global institution]. Zhurnal grazhdanskogo i ugolovnogo prava, 1892, no. 6, pp. 14—46. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref57"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">5. Bulatsel’ P. Uprazdnenie russkogo yazyka v pribaltiiskikh sudakh (po povodu reformy proekta sudogovoreniya, podannogo 16-yu prisyazhnymi poverennymi v Revel’sko-Gapsal’skii mirovoi s’’ezd) [The abolition of the Russian language in the Baltic courts (on the reform of the draft jurisprudence submitted by 16 attorneys at law to the Revel-Haapsalu world congress)]. Yuridicheskaya gazeta, 1900, no. 57, pp. 2—3. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref58"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">6. Vernyaev I. I. Istoricheskaya dinamika sudebno-pravovoi integratsii Rossiiskoi imperii [Historical Dynamics of Judicial-Legal Integration of the Russian Empire]. St. Petersburg, S.-Peterburgskii gos. un-t Publ., 2021. 396 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref59"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">7. Vil’gel’m fon Bul’mering. Vospominaniya. Perevod s nemetskogo V. Doroshenko [Wilhelm von Bulmering. Memories. Translation from German by V. Doroshenko]. Daugava, literaturno-khudozhestvennyi i publitsisticheskii zhurnal, 1995, no. 4, pp. 132—160. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref60"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">8. Gosudarstvennaya Duma. Tretii sozyv. Stenograficheskie otchety. 1909 g. Sessiya tret’ya. Ch. 1 [The State Duma. Third convocation. Verbatim reports. 1909. Session three. Part 1]. St. Petersburg, Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya Publ., 1910. XVI p., 3796 stb. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref61"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">9. Desyatiletie Revel’skogo okruzhnogo suda, 1889—1899 [Decade of the Revel District Court, 1889—1899]. Revel’skie izvestiya: gazeta mestnykh interesov, literaturnaya i politicheskaya, 1889. Dec. 14 (no. 279), pp. 1—2. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref62"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">10. Zabytye Gosudarstvennoi Dumoyu sudebnye deyateli. Nachalo [Judicial figures forgotten by the State Duma. Start]. Rizhskii vestnik, 1910. Jan. 5. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref63"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">11. Zabytye Gosudarstvennoi Dumoyu sudebnye deyateli. Prodolzhenie [Judicial figures forgotten by the State Duma. Continuation]. Rizhskii vestnik, 1910. Jan. 7. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref64"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">12. Zaionchkovskii P. A. Sudebnye i administrativnye preobrazovaniya v Pribaltike [Judicial and administrative reforms in the Baltics]. Problemy obshchestvennoi mysli i ekonomicheskaya politika Rossii XIX—XX vekov: sb. statei [Problems of social thought and economic policy of Russia in the 19th—20th centuries. Collect. of articles]. Leningrad, Leningr. un-t Publ., 1972, pp. 34—47. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref65"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">13. I. V. F. Torzhestvo russkogo dela v Pribaltiiskoi okraine (ob’’yasnyaemoe uspekhami sudebnoi reformy v krae) [The triumph of the Russian cause in the Baltic outskirts (explained by the success of the judicial reform in the region)]. Sudebnaya gazeta, 1895. Oct. 29 (no. 44), pp. 2—6. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref66"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">14. K voprosu o nedostatke russkikh sluzhashchikh v Pribaltiiskom krae [To the question of the lack of Russian employees in the Baltic region]. Yur’evskii listok, 1912. Oct. 20. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref67"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">15. M. R. Pribaltiiskie advokaty i perevodchiki. Yur’ev [Baltic lawyers and translators. Yuriev]. Novoe vremya, 1895. June 25 (no. 6927). (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref68"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">16. Mirovoi sud’ya N. G. Shefer [Magistrate N. G. Schaefer]. Rizhskii vestnik, 1892. Jan. 9. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref69"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">17. Pervaya Vseobshchaya perepis’ naseleniya Rossiiskoi imperii 1897 goda. Kn. 21. Liflyandskaya guberniya [The first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897. Book 21. Livland province]. St. Petersburg, TsSK MVD Publ., 1905. XVI, 229 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref70"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">18. Pervaya Vseobshchaya perepis’ naseleniya Rossiiskoi imperii 1897 goda. Kn. 19. Kurlyandskaya guberniya [The first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897. Book 19. Courland province]. St. Petersburg, TsSK MVD Publ., 1905. XVIII, 233 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref71"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">19. Pervaya Vseobshchaya perepis’ naseleniya Rossiiskoi imperii 1897 goda. Kn. 49. Estlyandskaya guberniya [The first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897. Book 49. Estland province]. St. Petersburg, TsSK MVD Publ., 1905. XVIII, 125 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref72"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">20. Gasman A., Nol’ken A. (comp.) Polozheniya o preobrazovanii sudebnoi chasti i krest’yanskikh prisutstvennykh mest v pribaltiiskikh guberniyakh i pravila o privedenii oznachennykh polozhenii v deistvie [Regulations on the transformation of the judiciary and peasant offices in the Baltic provinces and the rules for bringing the aforementioned provisions into effect]. St. Petersburg, Ministerstvo yustitsii Publ., 1889. 728 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref73"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">21. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv [Russian State Historical Archive] (RGIA). F. 1405. Op. 515. D. 205.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref74"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">22. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 515. D. 247.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref75"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">23. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 524. D. 328.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref76"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">24. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 526. D. 1658.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref77"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">25. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 539. D. 236.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref78"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">26. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 539. D. 237.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref79"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">27. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 544. D. 533.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref80"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">28. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 544. D. 1095.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref81"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">29. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 544. D. 2148.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref82"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">30. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 544. D. 2783б.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref83"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">31. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 544. D. 6230.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref84"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">32. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 544. D. 7649.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref85"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">33. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 544. D. 8904.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref86"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">34. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 545. D. 11184.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref87"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">35. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 545. D. 11238.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref88"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">36. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 545. D. 13144.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref89"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">37. RGIA. F. 1406. Op. 545. D. 15189.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref90"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">38. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 545. D. 15240.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref91"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">39. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 545. D. 15395.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref92"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">40. RGIA. F. 1405. Op. 545. D. 17152.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref93"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">41. Spiski kandidatov na dolzhnosti mirovykh sudei i predsedatelei ikh s’’ezdov [Lists of candidates for the positions of justices of the peace and chairmen of their congresses]. Estlyandskie gubernskie vedomosti, 1889. Sept. 21 (no. 36), pp. 166—167. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref94"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">42. Spisok chinam Ministerstva yustitsii 1890 goda. Chast’ 3 [List of ranks of the Ministry of Justice in 1890. Part 3]. St. Petersburg, Tip. Pravitel’stvuyushchego Senata Publ., 1890. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref95"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">43. Spisok chinam Ministerstva yustitsii 1900 goda [List of ranks of the Ministry of Justice of 1900]. St. Petersburg, Senatskaya tip. Publ., 1900. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref96"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">44. ,em&gt;Spisok chinam Ministerstva yustitsii 1913 goda [List of ranks of the Ministry of Justice of 1913]. St. Petersburg, Senatskaya tip. Publ., 1913. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref97"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">45. Brüggemann K. Representing Empire, Performing Nation?: Russian Officials in the Baltic Provinces (Late Nineteenth / Early Twentieth Centuries). Ab imperio, 2014, no. 3, pp. 231—266.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref98"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">46. Hagen M. Russification Via “Democratization”? Civil Service in the Baltic after 1905. Journal of Baltic Studies, 1978, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 56—66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref99"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">47. Haltzel M. H. The Baltic Germans. Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland: 1855—1914. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1981, pp. 109—204.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref100"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">48. Konstantīns Jūliuss Vilhelms Vilmans. Time&amp;Note. Международная энциклопедия. Available at: https://timenote.info/ru/person/view?id=11639910. Accessed: 03.09.2022.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref101"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">49. Mironov B. N. The Policy of Russifying in Late Imperial Russia and its Failure. Russian History, 2019, no. 46, pp. 84—101. DOI: 10.1163/18763316-04601004.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref102"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">50. Plakans A. The Latvians. Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland: 1855—1914. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1981, pp. 205—284.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref103"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">51. Raun T. U. The Estonians. Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland: 1855—1914. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1981, pp. 285—354.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref104"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">52. Woodworth В. Multi-ethnicity and Estonian Tsarist State Officials in Estland Province, 1881—1914. Russian Bureaucracy and the State. Officialdom from Alexander III to Putin. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, pp. 72—88.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
